Communication Over The Internet, And The Effects It Will Have On Our E

Communication Over The Internet, and The Effects It Will Have On Our Economy Thesis: Communication over the internet is growing at a rapid rate, this rate of growth may destroy the monopoly taking place with the major telecommunication giants. In this day and age we as a global community are growing at a super fast rate. Communication is a vital tool which aids us in breaking the distance barrier. Over the past decades there has been a monopoly in the telecommunications business, but now with the power of the internet, and super fast data transfer rates people can communicate across the globe and only pay local rates. Â · In essence the local phone companies almost promote this. - When you log on to the internet chances are that you are logging on through a local internet provider. You will use your computer modem to dial up and create and data link with your net provider. Where does the net provider get his super fast net connection from? He gets the connection from the local phone company. Â · How logging on the internet is almost like logging right onto the local telephone company. -It all boils down to, the local phone company approving the use of the internet for any means. Â · How phone companies are going to bring them selves down. -I feel that because of this phone companies will be the cause to their own downfall. Â · Methods of communication over the net -There are many ways of communicating over the net: Inter relay chat (text only) -Video/Audio: there are many ...

The Third Leg in the Strategy Tripod †Institutional Based View

THE THIRD LEG IN THE STRATEGY TRIPOD – Institutional Based View Introduction Strategy has come to play a significant role in international business (IB) in recent times. This is predicated on the fact of complexities associated with globalisation. The interplay of various factors of production in an environment could have been sufficient for MNEs in taking investment decisions. However, experience has shown otherwise. In this light, strategising in the international business arena has been dominated by industry and resource based views, somewhat ignoring the magnitude of institutional impact on investment decisions.EVALUATION OF ‘THE THIRD LEG IN THE STRATEGY â€Å"TRIPOD†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ According to Peng et al (2008), citing Porter(1980) Barney (1991) the industry-based view is rooted in the assumption that the strategy employed by MNEs is determined by the conditions within the industry of focus. Also, the resource based view tends to narrow performance and internation al business strategy to resources in specific firms. The aggregated views are functions of research findings carried out in environments whose institutions are seemingly standardised and stable.Meanwhile these views have not been able to deal with the nagging questions posed by strategy as regards investment locations. Recent research directions have established remarkable differences in the institutional frameworks of emerging economies relative to developed economies. This is largely due to long history of cultural, legal and political platforms that organise their businesses. According to Peng et al (2008), the effect of these formal and informal institutions are quite remarkable in shaping strategies and performance even in developed economies.This may not have come to the front burner without recent research on the relationship between institutions and organisational strategies in emerging economies. Peng et al (2008) are of the view that earlier approach to international IB st rategy did not offer institutions appropriate place in the strategy discourse. In furtherance to this, Peng et al (2008) argue that the institutions should actually be recognised as the third leg in the strategy tripod. The other legs being resource based and industry based views.Let us explore the institutions and how they impact IB strategies. In understanding an institution, the renowned Economist Searle (2005 pp. 21) defines an institution as ‘any collectively accepted system of rules (procedures, practices) that enable us to create institutional facts’. It follows that the institutions set the rules for doing business in any environment. As such an MNE is only going to be successful where it understands, assimilates and applies the rules of the environment for competitive advantage.Peng et al’s (2008) argument on the institutional view of strategy focuses on legal, social and political aspects as these have been found to change quite significantly in emergin g economies upon both internal and external impacts. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE FOUR CASES OFFERED IN SUPPORTING THE CENTRAL ARGUMENT Peng et al (2008) posit that in transacting business in a developed economy, the supporting institutions operate albeit silently at the background. This is in contrast to the situation in emerging economies where the weight of institutions plays visible roles in consummating transactions.These visible roles have tendencies to alter the business equation in favour of MNEs who have taken proactive steps in influencing the institutional outcomes. Place this fact side by side the growing importance of emerging economies, it becomes imperative that institutional view of strategy becomes as important as the traditional views. Emerging economies like China and India are great examples where institutions’ actions and inactions play great roles in balancing the IB strategy tripod. Growing The Firm In ChinaPeng et al (2008) note that it is puzzling to see Chin a growing economically in the midst of underdeveloped institutional framework. This growth could not have taken place on the strength of the industry and resource based views alone. Peering deeply, Peng et al (2008) Wong (2012) recognise the cultural influences that abound in Chinese business climate which border on social and family networks otherwise referred to as guanxi. This may have phenomenally replaced the formal institution, as such affects the success of businesses within the environment.Peng et al (2008) suggest that in economic environments where institutions are week, norms and cognition take over as game changers. This highlights the import of institution based view in IB strategies. Competing In And Out Of India The meteoric rise of India in the area of IT and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) was attributed to resource and industry based view of IB strategy (Peng et al 2008). These views are based on the opinion that cheap labour, excellent skills and virtuality are major factors responsible for their growth.Nonetheless, institutional considerations are found to be quite relevant in India’s context. Considerations in the areas of education subsidy to top Universities and various economic reforms including liberalisation by government institutions played crucial roles in making India a competitive environment for investments (Peng et al 2008). These institutional references can conveniently stand as the third tripod of the IB strategy. Antidumping As Entry Barriers Market-based variables as noted by Peng et al (2008) have been alleged as the basic entry barriers in IB.Meanwhile non market based institutional variables have been largely ignored in IB startegies.. Trade barriers have come to play important roles in IB strategies. Countries in protecting their local business players against foreign competition usually set up institutional policies aimed at stemming imports by foreign MNEs. These MNEs are alleged to compete unfavourably thro ugh the process of dumping. Davis (2009) citing the 1947 GATT agreement defines dumping as a situation where goods originating from a country are imported into another country at less than normal values.The use of anti-dumping laws by developed countries against MNEs from developing countries is a good example of how an institutional policy could be a tool of trade barrier in IB. Western countries have used this tool of protectionism against competition from Asia quite effectively. The issue here is that when market-based forces fail, antidumping laws could be deployed by local firms to ward off MNEs, thus firming the position of institutional based view as the third leg in the IB strategy tripod. Governing The Corporation In Emerging Economies Corporate governance is highly a determinant in firm performance in developed countries.This is due to the fact that the agency theory focuses on separation of ownership and control. These are exemplified by principal-manager conflicts (Peng et al 2008) quite unlike a lot of emerging economies where principal-principal conflict is the norm. The ability of an MNE to invest in such an environment would mean understanding the value and complexities of concentrated ownership and strategising accordingly. CONCLUSION It is evident from the work of Peng et al (2008) and other researchers that institution-based view has come to occupy the third leg of the IB strategy discourse.It is pertinent to note that the emergence of the institution based view does not in any way diminish the importance of the traditional based views in IB strategy. Instead it complements the traditional views, thus balancing the IB strategy in form of a tripod. It is my opinion that this tripod leverages on industry-based view, resource-based view and institutional-based view for balance. While Peng et al (2008) referenced most of their arguments on developing economies, the institutional effects are found to be applicable in developed countries as well. References Davis L. 2009) ‘Ten years of anti-dumping in the EU: economic and political targeting’. ECIPE Working Paper †¢ No. 02/2009 (Online) Available from: http://www. ecipe. org/media/publication_pdfs/ten-years-of-anti-dumping-in-the-eu-economic-and-political-targeting. pdf (Accessed September 26, 2012) Peng, M. W. , Wang, D. Y. L. & Jiang, Y. (2008) ‘An institution-based view of international business strategy: A focus on emerging economies’,Journal of International Business Studies,  39 (5), July/August, pp. 920–936. (Online) Available at: http://dx. doi. org. ezproxy. liv. ac. k/doi:10. 1057/palgrave. jibs. 8400377 (Accessed September 23) Searle J. (2005) ‘What is an institution? ’ Journal of Institutional Economics (2005), 1: 1, 1–22 (Online) Available from: http://www. laisumedu. org/DESIN_Ibarra/desin/pdf-seminario2006/seminario-2006-04d. pdf (Accessed September 24, 2012) Wong J. (2012) ‘The Guanxi Strategie s of Taiwanese Firms in China’s Economic Reforms’ The Journal of Global Business Management Volume 8 * Number 1 * February 2012. (Online) Available at: http://www. jgbm. org/page/15%20Jeng-Min%20Wong. pdf (Accessed September 24, 2012)

Paulo Freires Social Justice Idea - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1023 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/08 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Justice Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Paulo Freires idea of learning for social justice has influenced many academic disciplines and has remained an inspiration to many across the world. This Brazilian educator has been revolutionary in his ideas of education for justice and he has left a significant mark on thinking progressive practices in education. Paulo Freires Pedagogy of the Oppressed is one of the most quoted educational text worldwide, through which he was able to weave together educational practices and liberation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Paulo Freires Social Justice Idea" essay for you Create order He explained the deep theory and practice of liberatory education around the globe and relates the education to broader social movements to fight for humanity and liberation. Purpose of education is mainly concerned with literacy so that these educated people can make their own arguments by weighing different perspectives. So, the literacy would help men and women to overcome their sense of powerlessness and thus develop agency. They can tranform their situation relating to any problem in life by thinking critically about reality and then taking action. Freires theory relates this to overcome oppression by appropriate education and thinking critically. This oppression can be any problem associated with social, political and economical context of a persons life. To become such kind of literate we have to make our education system to support such transformation. According to Freire, education system played a central role in maintaining oppression and it need to be reformed in order for things to change for thewho suffered. Teachers who wants to change the world need to engage students in doing same as its the co-participation of both teachers and students in justice struggle. Teachers must be open with their views, but never impose them on students and give the right to students to have their own ideas, but also must have mutual respect for each others ideas. Key components and strategies of learning for justice theory: these key components of learning for justice will provide the insight of the whole process to impove existing teaching policies and strategies in padagogy. 1.Banking education Banking education framewrok explains the existing framework for curriculum delivery, in which the students are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor where the teacher makes deposits which the students patiently receive, memorize, and repeat. In this type of educational system, students are listening objects, are not asked to think critically about the world in which they live. They are merely asked to swallow information. This banking education allows the oppressors (policy makers, curriculum designers) to maintain the system of oppression, which minimize students creative power and to stimulate their credulity to serve the interests of the oppressors in which students do not have the opportunity to question or critically evaluate the world in which they live and thus have no opportunity to change their lives for the better. Alternative to banking education which Freire proposed as is the liberating education or questioning education. Liberating education involves a proce ss of humanizing people who have been oppressed, which can be related to todays school system to empower students to question education. It also empowers them to question their lives and their position in society. They will become more fully human and would know how to fight dehumanization which involves the injustice, exploitation and oppression etc. 2. Culture Cycle Freire took the education out of traditional (four wall) classroom, where students and teacher together discuss themes that have significance within the context of students lives. These themes should be discovered through the cooperative research of educator and student. These themes are related to nature, culture, work, and relationships and can be discovered by making connections with students and knowing their background and interests. These themes are then represented in the form of visual representations then students decode these themes and they recognize them as situations in which they themselves are involved as subjects. This process will engage them in critical consiousness. For example Gutstein, enhanced the coursework with the project in which students investigated racism and using mathematics as a key analytical tool, which emphasis on relating these themes to official curriculum by finding connections. The themes like racism, discrimination, gender, sex, can be taught i n classroom settings. 3. Generative themes and codifications Generative (capacity to unfold further to generate many themes) theme should be interested to students, which evoke importance or concern to them, so that discussion can be generated. The themes should be represented in the form of codification (either represented by a word or short phrase or a visual representation a picture or photograph). These codifications would make students explore these themes critically by regarding them objectively rather than simply experiencing them. System of codifications has been very successful in promoting literacy among adult students, Freire always emphasized that it should not be approached mechanically, but rather as a process of creation and awakening of consciousnes with which they decode the aspects of situation by feeling themselves in the situation and be able to reflect critically upon its various aspects. The activism can be applied by using approach of codifications, in which students would deal with a problem by feeling themselves in th at situation. For example themes like Raising social consciousness: prejudices and employment, Quality of life: consciousness and participation, Housing: urbanization and values, Cohabitation and violence. These themes with concrete representations of ideas, hopes, outlooks and challenges arising out of human beings orientations to the world will provide a certain view of viewing the world to the students. This practice is suggested to replace traditional method where teacher choose the program content and students adapt to it. 4. Praxis Freires concept of praxis in education is related to action research: a process where a group works together through cycles of action, reflection and further action to improve a situation. Freirean praxis assumes that education is political, so the practice of education must be informed by praxis learning begins with action is then shaped by reflection, which gives rise to further action. In order to transform the world, reflection and action are inseparable, you cannot act without thinking and reflection without action will not change reality. Which is required to replace the existing policy of teacher talks and student listens.