Greenhouse Gas Emissions Essay Download Pdf - Free Essay Example

Introduction Greenhouse gas emissions, and other forms of environmental pollution, are economic externalities as they impose costs on individuals and communities who did not create the pollution (Jaffe et al, 2005). These economic externalities are side effects that are experienced by individuals not connected with the polluting process (Owen, 2006). As such, the individual or entity from which the pollution originates does not need to reflect the pollution costs within their prices. The problem therefore lies in the associated costs to society that environmental pollution causes. These damages and costs, which include climate change, in the form of biodiversity loss, rising sea levels and extreme weather events, are not paid for by the companies or industries that emit the pollution and so they do not need to factor these costs into the market price of the goods or services that they provide (Muller et al, 2011). The result of this is that society produces and consumes high volumes of pollution-creating products, whilst industries continue to produce these goods and services without having to account for the costs associated with environmental pollution (Frankel and Rose, 2005). This form of market failure is addressed by market-based environmental policies that construct systems which incorporate the costs associated with environmental pollution into the industrys decision making and financial process (Metcalf, 2009). The theoretical basis for these market-b ased policies is that when an industry or other pollution making entity see, and must pay for, the societal cost of pollution, then they will design innovative ways in which to reduce their environmental impact. In addition, the full environmental cost of the products will be reflected in the price, therefore enabling consumers to make informed purchasing decisions (Owen, 2006). The remainder of this document will consider the effectiveness of market-based policies compared with traditional command and control regulations. Command and Control versus Market-Based Policies Traditional command and control policies required polluters to reduce emissions by installing specific technology in order to meet specific performance emission standards (Hepburn, 2006). However, opponents to the command and control mindset state that this form of regulation is inflexible and does not take into consideration that some industries are able to meet these targets at a much lower cost than others (Liu et al, 2014). Additionally, the command and control regulatory approach does not incentivise industries to innovate and reduce their environmental impacts by more than what is required by the standard (Haselip et al, 2015). Conversely, market-based approaches have been reported to provide greater flexibility for industry (Pirard, 2012). However, it is necessary to address the type of pollutant being emitted, as there are some that need to be maintained at a very low level for health-related reasons (Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions, 2012). As such, it may be nec essary to control these types of pollutants with command and control regulations in order to ensure that health-related thresholds are not breached. Greenhouse gases are not harmful on a localised basis. Their effects are only seen when they are globally mixed within the atmosphere and cause damage on a global scale (Meinshausen et al, 2011). As such, many proponents claim that market-based regulatory approaches are particularly appropriate to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (Pirard, 2012; Hrabanski et al, 2013; Boisvert et al, 2013). Indeed, there is evidence to suggest that these policies provide greater compliance flexibility and can reach and improve environmental objectives at much lower overall costs (Boisvert et al, 2013). One key aspect of these market-based policies is that they provide a financial incentive for industry to develop and deploy lower environmental pollution emitting technologies, whilst leaving the private market to decide which technologies can be expande d and utilised (Pirard, 2012). Within this structure, each regulated industry is able to independently choose the most cost-effective method to achieve the required pollution abatement. As previously mentioned, some industries are able to reduce their pollution more easily and cheaply than others, due to the technology or equipment that they are using. This enables them to reduce their pollution more, therefore compensating for those industries who are unable to meet traditional command and control targets due to the costs involved. As such, the overall environmental target can still be achieved but at a much lower societal and industry cost (Pirard, 2012). A good example of the success of market-based policies has been seen within the US. At the federal level, sulphur dioxide emissions have been reduced at a fraction of the original estimated cost (CCES, 2012). In addition, at state level, market-based approaches have been successfully incorporated into cap-and-trade and renewable energy programs to reduce nitrogen oxides and other greenhouse gases (CCES, 2012). The following sections will consider two distinct examples of market-based policies that can control greenhouse gas emissions. Taxes Taxes, that set a price on each unit of pollution, are the most basic form of market-based policies. This pollution tax ensures that the industry producing the pollution pays an additional cost dependent on the amount of pollution that is emitted (Vossler et al, 2013). This cost incentivises the industry to reduce the amount of pollution produced and encourage them to change their processes or incorporate better technology within their production line (Suter et al, 2005). As such, the more emissions that are reduced, the less pollution tax the industry needs to pay. However, it is necessary to calculate the societal cost of the pollution in order to set the price of the tax (Chiroleu-Assouline et al, 2014). This can be a complex process with the societal costs of pollution being difficult to quantify. For example, if the pollution emitted from a certain industry caused a population decline in a commercial shellfishery, then the damages could be based on the lost value of the shellf ish at current market price. However, if the emitted pollution causes the extinction of a species or the destruction of a habitat, it is less clear on how society should assign a financial cost which equates to that loss. In addition, it is necessary to address how the environmental pollution emitted from todays industries can cause damage to future generations and how to quantify these consequences when there are a range of possible outcomes (CCES, 2012). Cap-and-Trade The cap-and-trade approach sees the regulatory authority determining a total quantity of pollution that is acceptable (Betsill and Hoffmann, 2011). This is the cap. Industries are able to trade emission allowances based on their needs. However, there is a limited number of these allowances, so trading comes at a cost (Betsill and Hoffmann, 2011). Each regulated industry holds enough allowances to ensure that the cap is not breached whilst also creating demand for the allowances (Stephan and Paterson, 2012). For some businesses, it may be less costly for them to reduce their emissions than to buy allowances, therefore encouraging them to analyse their polluting activities and reduce their environmental impact. Some businesses are able to reduce their emissions to such an extent that they have excess allowances, which can be either banked for future use or sold to businesses that are struggling to reduce emissions. However, due to the scarcity of the allowances and their tradable nat ure, a price is placed on greenhouse gas emissions (Stephan and Paterson, 2012). This price results in an incentive for businesses to develop innovative technology to reduce emissions, with an added incentive to reduce their emissions to such a level that they can avoid buying allowances or can trade allowances they have been given (Betsill and Hoffmann, 2011). With the latter, businesses are able to raise revenue by selling these excess allowances (Piraud, 2012). This reduced environmental cost can then be passed on to their consumers, with cheaper goods and services, therefore giving them an advantage within the consumer market. Problems with Quantity-based and Price-Based Market Policies Evidence suggests that there is a tradeoff between quantity-based (cap-and-trade) and price-based (pollution tax) approaches (CCES, 2012). This tradeoff is either greater environmental certainty or greater compliance cost certainty. By setting an explicit price on each unit of environmental pollution, the regulated businesses have a high degree of price of certainty (Pizer, 2006). However, what is less certain is the amount of environmental pollution reduction that can be achieved, as each business will respond differently to the tax costs. For example, by placing a tax on each litre of fuel, one company may reduce its fuel consumption by 20%, whilst another company may only reduce its consumption by 2%. As such, it is difficult to estimate what price to place on the tax in order to achieve a specific emission reduction goal. Conversely, with quantity-based market approaches, such as the cap-and-trade program, there is more certainty surrounding the environmental outcomes due to the scarcity of pollution allowances that make up the cap (Pizer, 2006). However, with this environmental certainty comes a cost uncertainty for the businesses emitting the pollution, as the cost of this pollution will be determined by the market price for the allowances (Pizer, 2006). Yet some market-based policies can be designed to allow more certainty for both price and quantity. For example, The Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions (2011) included price floors and allowance reserves, which act as prices ceilings, within the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in California, in order to give more compliance cost certainty. Revenue Uses from Taxes or Allowance Sales Both price-based and quantity-based regulatory approaches have the potential to raise revenue for the government (Nordhaus, 2007). With environmental taxes, potential revenue raised will equate to the total quantity of greenhouse gas emissions released to the environment within a set timescale multiplied by the price of the tax. With cap-and-trade programs, the amount of revenue generated depends on the price allowances make on the open market and the number of allowances that are offered up for sale (Nordhaus, 2007). Regardless of how these revenues are raised, the benefits to society of this revenue stream are clear. Revenue use examples include the reduction of existing distortionary taxes on capital and labour investments in order to reduce the economy wide cost of the program, and the offset of taxes on the labour markets, individuals and businesses, as seen in both Sweden and British Columbia (Aldy et al, 2008). Nevertheless, some experts suggest that this carbon revenue s hould be used for other purposes. These experts argue that there is a need to address the question of equity in addition to economic efficiency (MacKenzie, 2009). This equity would avoid burdening some households and businesses, particularly if they adopted clean energy approaches, technological adaptation, or positioned themselves within the research and development arena. An example of this can be seen within the member states of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. In this initiative, 100% of allowances are auctioned and 25% of the revenues generated are targeted towards consumer benefit, energy efficiency programs and renewable energy schemes. In total, over the last 7 years, these allowance auctions have generated more than $2 billion (Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, 2015). Conclusion It can be seen from the above narrative that both price-based and quantity-based market approaches to reducing greenhouse gas emissions can be highly successful and popular methods of achieving environmental targets. Environmental taxes ensure that the cost of environmental pollution is covered by the polluter in a polluter pays approach. Each unit of pollution is given a specific price which the polluter has to pay. These costs incentivise the industry to adopt more environmentally friendly approaches in order to reduce their financial outgoings. Cap-and-trade programs have a given number of allowances distributed between businesses within an industry sector. Companies that can produce their goods in a more environmentally friendly manner, which sees them having an excess of allowance, are able to trade these allowances on the open market to companies who are less able to meet environmental targets. However, due to the costs of these allowances, there is an added incentive for bus inesses to adopt, or develop, new technologies that reduce their environmental impact. However, both approaches have their limitations as it is difficult to quantify the financial costs of pollution in order to set a price on environmental taxes, and there are many uncertainties for the environment and for businesses with the cap-and-trade approach. Nevertheless, despite these uncertainties and challenges associated with price setting, it is considered that the flexibility for businesses and potential improvements for the environment by adopting these approaches over the traditional command and control regulation outweigh any negatives. Whilst it is accepted that market-based approaches will not work for all environmental pollutants, for greenhouse gases, which cause effects on a global scale, the evidence suggests that these approaches will encourage innovation and incentivise businesses to adopt best available technology. References Aldy, J. E., Ley, E., Parry, I. (2008). A Taxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Based Approach to Slowing Global Climate Change. National Tax Journal, 493-517. Betsill, M., Hoffmann, M. J. (2011). The contours of cap and trade: the evolution of emissions trading systems for greenhouse gases. Review of Policy Research, 28(1), 83-106. Boisvert, V., MÃÆ' ©ral, P., Froger, G. (2013). Market-based instruments for ecosystem services: institutional innovation or renovation? Society Natural Resources, 26(10), 1122-1136. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (2011), Climate 101: Cap and Trade. Available online at https://www.c2es.org/publications/climate-change-101/cap-trade accessed 26 September 2015. Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions. (2012). Market mechanisms; understanding the options. Available online at https://www.c2es.org/publications/market-mechanisms-understanding-options accessed 26 September 2015. Chiroleu-Assouline, M., Fodha, M. (2014). From regressive pollution taxes to progressive environmental tax reforms. European Economic Review, 69, 126-142. Frankel, J. A., Rose, A. K. (2005). Is trade good or bad for the environment? Sorting out the causality. Review of Economics and Statistics, 87(1), 85-91. Haselip, J., Hansen, U. E., Puig, D., TrÃÆ' ¦rup, S., Dhar, S. (2015). Governance, enabling frameworks and policies for the transfer and diffusion of low carbon and climate adaptation technologies in developing countries. Climatic Change, 131(3), 363-370. Hepburn, C. (2006). Regulation by prices, quantities, or both: a review of instrument choice. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22(2), 226-247. Hrabanski, M., Bidaud, C., Le Coq, J. F., MÃÆ' ©ral, P. (2013). Environmental NGOs, policy entrepreneurs of market-based instruments for ecosystem services? A comparison of Costa Rica, Madagascar and France. Forest Policy and Economics, 37, 124-132. Jaffe, A. B., Newell, R. G., Stavins, R. N. (2005). A tale of two market failure s: Technology and environmental policy. Ecological Economics, 54(2), 164-174. Liu, Z., Mao, X., Tu, J., Jaccard, M. (2014). A comparative assessment of economic-incentive and command-and-control instruments for air pollution and CO2 control in Chinas iron and steel sector. Journal of Environmental Management, 144, 135-142. MacKenzie, D. (2009). Making things the same: Gases, emission rights and the politics of carbon markets. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34(3), 440-455. Meinshausen, M., Smith, S. J., Calvin, K., Daniel, J. S., Kainuma, M. L. T., Lamarque, J. F., Van Vuuren, D. P. P. (2011). The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300. Climatic Change, 109(1-2), 213-241. Metcalf, G. E. (2009). Market-based policy options to control US greenhouse gas emissions. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(4), 5-27. Muller, N. Z., Mendelsohn, R., Nordhaus, W. (2011). Environmental accounting for pollution in the United States eco nomy. The American Economic Review, 1649-1675. Nordhaus, W. D. (2007). To tax or not to tax: Alternative approaches to slowing global warming. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 1(1), 26-44. Owen, A. D. (2006). Renewable energy: Externality costs as market barriers. Energy Policy, 34(5), 632-642. Pirard, R. (2012). Market-based instruments for biodiversity and ecosystem services: A lexicon. Environmental Science Policy, 19, 59-68. Pizer, W. A. (2006). 38 Choosing Price or Quantity Controls for Greenhouse Gases. The RFF Reader in Environmental and Resource Policy, 9(1), 225-227. Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) (2015). CO2 Budget Trading Program Auction Results. Available online at https://www.rggi.org/market/co2_auctions/results accessed 26 September 2015. Stephan, B., Paterson, M. (2012). The politics of carbon markets: an introduction. Environmental Politics, 21(4), 545-562. Suter, J., Poe, G., Schulze, W., Segerson, K., Vossler, C. (20 05). Beyond optimal linear tax mechanisms: an experimental examination of damage-based ambient taxes for nonpoint polluters. In Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Providence, Rhode Island, July 24 (Vol. 27). Vossler, C. A., Suter, J. F., Poe, G. L. (2013). Experimental evidence on dynamic pollution tax policies. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization,93, 101-115.

Adidas Future Plan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 793 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Topics: Adidas Essay Did you like this example? 32 ADIDAS INDIA MARKETING PRIVATE LIMITED Background adidas was founded by Adi Dassler in 1948. It remained a family firm till 1988, when it was transformed into a corporation. The adidas Group is the world’s second-largest sporting goods company and had net sales of US$ 7. 74 billion in 2004. adidas’ product range includes shoes, apparel and accessories for basketball, golf, soccer, fitness and training. The company has over 14,000 employees, 110 subsidiaries and sources from 840 factories across the world. 0 per cent of the company’s suppliers are based in Asia. In 1997, adidas acquired the Salomon group and the name got changed to Adidas-Salomon AG. The name is expected to change to â€Å"Adidas AG† in May 2006 following the acquisition of Reebok. adidas started in India in 1996 as a joint venture with Magnum Trading, with adidas holding 80 per cent stake. Since December 1995 it has been a 100 per cent subsidiary of the parent company. adidas se lls three brands in India – adidas,Taylormade and Maxfli. It sources from 16 factories which employ 3,800 people in India. It retails accessories such as footballs and water bottles in addition to footwear and apparel. adidas has a 25-30 per cent share of the premium footwear market in the country. The market is estimated to be growing at 15-20 per cent annually. The six metros account for nearly 40 per cent of adidas’ sales, but the smaller towns are also playing an important role and showing very healthy growth. Entered India as part of global strategy adidas decided to enter India as part of the company’s global strategy – to take direct control of the markets in Asia. The domestic demand was not high when the company started India operations. In the first 9 years, India was the smallest sub-division in Asia, in terms of revenue. The company believed that India had the potential to become a huge market considering India’s large young popul ation and the changing demographics. Currently out of the 13 subsidiaries in Asia, India is ranked number 7 and the management believes it has the potential to climb up to number 3. The merger with Reebok will strengthen adidas in India. In most countries, adidas is significantly bigger than Reebok. However in India, Reebok has a larger share of the market. 33 Keys to success adidas’ success factors include strength in supply chain management, cutting edge technology, a strong retail network and effective advertising. India provides advantages in terms of lower labour costs and a highly-skilled work force. However, attracting and retaining the right people is a challenge in a highly competitive job market. Retailers are willing to invest money in setting up showrooms but generally their understanding of retailing is poor. Focused approach to the market and support from parent company adidas entered India with aggressive marketing campaigns. It brought in Indian sports i cons Sachin Tendulkar and Leander Paes to endorse the brand. The parent company has been very supportive. The top management had the belief and commitment that it would weather the initial loss-making years, before India could gain critical mass and become a profitable operation. Association with sports events helped in building awareness adidas has been promoting sports such as tennis and cricket at various levels. The company aggressively promotes tennis in India as a part of the firm’s strategy to drive growth by identifying and developing key performance sports in India. It promotes tennis at three levels the recognition of young talent through scholarships, sponsorship and association with key tennis events in the country and the launch of high performance tennis sportswear. demand reaches a threshold. adidas’ strategy has been just the reverse. Now after establishing itself in India as a sales and marketing organisation, it is planning to set up a global proc urement base for international markets. The company is targeting four-fold sales growth from Indian operations within the next three years (2006-09). The targeted revenues from Asia are to exceed US$ 2. 38 billion by 2008, doubling the 2004 sales figure. After China, which is the current growth driver in Asia, adidas expects India to be the next powerhouse, which will drive regional growth over the next 3 to 8 years. India is a significant market for adidas and it plans to have 200 to 300 more franchisee showrooms by 2006. It is also exploring the option of transferring technology and know-how to manufacture high-end footwear in India. didas India: At a glance †¢ For adidas, India is: a strategically important growth market †¢ Factors for success: Supply Chain Management, Cutting edge technology, Aggressive approach to market, Association with sports events and personalities †¢ Future plans: Four-fold sales growth in next three years, Add more showrooms, Launch new products Future plans adidas has plans to make India the hub for its South Asian operations. Most companies which start operations in a new country, initially set up their sourcing office and start selling when the local Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Adidas Future Plan" essay for you Create order

Depiction Of Marriage Norms In Dolls House - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 900 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: A Doll's House Essay Did you like this example? The play ?A Dolls house is a three-act play written by Henrik Ibsen in 1879 in Norway, Europe. The play is important for its critical perspectives toward nineteenth century marriage norms. In A Dolls House, Ibsen paints a bleak picture of the sacrificial roles held by women of all classes in his society. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Depiction Of Marriage Norms In Dolls House" essay for you Create order He is known as the father of the new genre in drama realism. Ibsen really portrayed what life is it like especially for women living in a patriarchal society. Its standard classification of gender roles and expectations it holds for a woman as a wife and a mother and as well as that of a man as a husband. The play lights up many flaws in the society in its structure and the expectation it has for individuals in relationships. There are many central themes in the play for discussion some of which are relevant to discuss in this paper are marriage, identity, infantilism, gender, rebellion etc. Torvald and Nora are a couple with three children and their family fits the structure of a perfect middle-class family in their time. But this family picture of theirs became shattered when Krogstad in a letter revealed Norars secret to her husband who reacts to it in a way that awakened the other side of Nora that has never been nurtured. She realizes the life of illusion and decides to leave her husband and children to go and construct her identity. Nora forged a signature to borrow money from Krogstad to save her husbandrs life. When Krogstad found out he was going to lose his job to Mrs. Linde, a friend of Norars, he used the bond to blackmail Nora to persuade Torvald to let him keep his job in the bank. In a bitter sweet ending, Helmerrs relationship was broken but Krogstad and Mrs. Linde on the other hand rekindled a romantic relationship they had had in the past. Marriage is one of the earliest structured institutions that spells out the various roles of the individuals involved. In a happy marriage in the nineteenth century, I would say, marriage in the Victorian era, women played roles than being themselves. They were to be obedient, subservient, the spiritual leader of the family, a guide to her children and most importantly a good support to her husband. Her goal was to maintain peace and comfort in the home and satisfy her husbandrs ego which typically includes sacrificing her agency and keeping her dependency on her husband. In the play, Nora exemplifies the conventional feminine standards of the time. She seems to be powerless, has no agency and confines herself through patriarchal expectations, that signifies a womanrs social role at that time, that is, just be a good wife and a mother. The man on the other hand is the breadwinner, provider and the decision maker. And here, Torvald exemplifies the conventional masculine standards of t he time. The society locks women and men into two separate worlds. The former in domesticity and the latter in a domineering state. In A Dolls House, the Helmers each had a unique role in their marriage. Nora, like every other woman in the Victorian Era played a role in which they supported their husbands, took care of their children, and made sure everything was perfect in and around the house- though with the help of a maid. Torvald provided the security of his family. Torvald treats Nora as his little irresponsible child who needs guidance all the time while Nora treats him as the man of the house who has the authority to do anything he wants and have things done his way. The play revealed some of the restrictions on women during the 19th century and the many problems it posed on them. The play, through Torvald makes us see through the filter of societyrs perception of women. One of the fundamental differences between men and women is that men are rational beings and women more hysterical. Gender roles are based on norms, or standards, created by the society. In a patriarchic society, masculine roles have commonly been related with strength, aggression, and dominance, while feminine roles have traditionally been related with passivity, nurturing, and subordination. This means that society has made women to look fragile and view them as a people who need masculine help and direction. They teach women to also accept their inferiority to men. In the play, in her husbandrs eyes, Nora is nothing but one silly woman. She is called several diminutive, childlike names by Torvald throughout the play. He invariably from the beginning of Act One, made a habit of addressing his wife, Nora, using terms that highlight her diminutive size and helpless condition. Some of which include my little songbird, squirrel, lark, my little featherhead, my little skylark, little person, little woman or a cute scatterbrain whose thoughts are nonsensical and typical of any other woman. Torvald constantly used the modifier little before the names he calls Nora. These all usually followed the possessive my, signaling his belief that Nora is his possession. This is typical in most marriages of the time and even now. Throughout the play, Torvald looked down upon Nora and treats her as one of his possessions. She is something used for his satisfaction. She also accepts and plays along with him sometimes quoting and referring to herself by the pet names to make requests.

Shangri-La Case Study - 1881 Words

1.0 INTRODUCTION: SHANGRI-LA HOTELS RESORTS [pic] The hospitality industry constitutes an economic sector with the fastest growth worldwide. At present, the industry continues to receive recognition as a profitable and progressive industry. The hospitality industry offers diverse opportunities for employees and varied services and features to customers. This means that overall industry actual and potential provisions are unlimited, which accounts for continuous shifts or adjustments contributing to industry viability. Diversity in employment and service offerings of the international hospitality industry has resulted to the higher number of people employed in the hospitality industry more than in manufacturing firms.†¦show more content†¦The culture also encouraged employees to take responsibility for customers’ satisfaction. Shangri-La Care Shangri-La Philosophy was to develop local talent to world class expectation. The company launched its culture training program. î€ Care Module 1: Shangri-La Hospitality from caring people. î€ Care Module 2: Delighting Customer î€ Care Module 3: Recover to Gain Loyalty î€ Care Module 4: Take Ownership Compensation System The three-tier compensation structure was designed to support organizational goals at various levels. At the first level, which included hotel general managers and division heads, compensation included a salary and a bonus. The bonus was tied to financial results (i.e., gross operating profit and gross operating revenue attainment) to help hotels reach goals. Compensation for the second tier, which included level two and three employees, was linked to financial results and, more specifically, to customer satisfaction and customer loyalty scores, which were key indicators of how well Shangri-La executed its strategy. 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Biography of Abraham Lincoln - 1047 Words

Abraham Lincoln was a self-educated lawyer who did not support slavery. He surprised many people when he became the 16th President mainly because he beat out several promising contenders. During the Civil War Lincoln became quite brilliant with military strategy and an excellent wartime leader. With the Union on the brink of victory Lincoln became a martyr when he was shot and killed by a Confederate sympathizer by the name of John Wilkes Booth. Over time Lincoln became known as one of the greatest Presidents of all time. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12 1809 in Hardin County Kentucky to Thomas and Nancy Lincoln. In 1816 his family moved to southern Indiana. Lincoln had little formal education due to the fact that he ahd to work to help support his family. Lincolns’ mother died when he was only nine, and as a young boy he took that pretty rough. Abraham quickly began to resent his father for all the work that was placed on him at a young age. His father remarried a Kentucky widow with three children of her own. Although Lincolns’ parents were probably illiterate, Sarah encouraged Abraham to read. It wasn’t till he was a young man that he received most of his formal education. It would come in days or weeks at a time. Books were scarce in the backwoods of Indiana, so Lincoln would read the Bible or other popular books of that time such as Robinson Crusoe and several others. In 1830, Lincolns’ family moved to Macon County, Illinois. At the age of 22 when his fatherShow MoreRelatedBiography of Abraham Lincoln1491 Words   |  6 PagesBiography of Abraham Lincoln Dominique Bailey Table of Contents Page 3 – Introduction Page 4 – Early Life Page 5 – Law Career Page 6 – Entering Politics Page 7 – Elected President Page 8 – Emancipation Proclamation - Civil War Page 9 – Reconstruction - Assassination Page 10 – Conclusion Page 11 – Bibliography 3 Introduction Read MoreA Brief Biography of Abraham Lincoln620 Words   |  3 PagesAbraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Kentucky, United States of America and died on April 15, 1865. Throughout his life, Abraham showed an excessive amount of influence on not only the U.S.A. but the whole world. I have made this biography to tell about the life of this international hero. Abraham was an only child who grew up in poverty with his father, Thomas Lincoln, who was a carpenter and mother, Nancy Hanks, who died in 1818. Shortly after Nancy’s death, Thomas married Sarah JohnstonRead MoreBiography of Abraham Lincoln2539 Words   |  10 Pagesand Nancy Lincoln welcomed their first son, Abraham, into the world. Abraham was named after his grandfather who was killed by Indians in 1786 near Nolin Creek in Hardin County, Kentucky. (Stone 8) Young Abraham spent the first few years in Nolin Creek but by the age of two his father, in search of better farming land, moved them a few miles away to Knob Creek. Lincoln’s family was against slavery even though at one time his family had owned slaves. They gave up that practice before Lincoln was bornRead MoreA Brief Biography on Abraham Lincoln Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln â€Å"Abraham Lincoln caught the publics attention for a long time as he presented a great role model for all Americans. Even today, almost all political conversation mentions him as his achievements have spoken for him (Samuels,2012).† As an illustration, there are thousands of books, articles and web pages which talks about Lincoln and his own extra ordinary life achievements. â€Å"Lincoln was born in 1809 in small hut located on a farm called Skining Spring Farm in Hardin County, KentuckyRead MoreBiography Of George Nelson Mandela And Bill Gates And Abraham Lincoln1367 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Leader When assigned the task of identifying an individual who I believe embodies what it means to be a great leader, well-known figures such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Mother Teresa, Winston Churchill, Nelson Mandela, Bill Gates and Abraham Lincoln initially come my mind. The impact of their distinct leadership styles continues to inspire people around the globe and has earned each of them undisputed leadership recognition. However, in the quiet shadows of these great leaders arises theRead MoreThe Life Of Abraham Lincoln1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe Life of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, Civil Rights Activist, U.S. Representative, U.S. President, and lawyer is regarded as one of America’s most successful presidents due to his incredible impact on the nation, and his views on slavery and civil rights. Abraham Lincoln, also referred to by Honest Abe, had one of the hardest jobs a president can have and that is being a war-time leader. Despite the odds, Lincoln persevered through his rough childhood and found his way into politics and laterRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln928 Words   |  4 PagesP. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln: A Biography (Southern Illinois University Press, 2008). †¢ David Herbert Donald, We Are Lincoln Men: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends (Simon Schuster, 2004). †¢ Roy Morris Jr., The Long Pursuit: Abraham Lincoln’s Thirty-Year Struggle with Stephen Douglas for the Heart and Soul of America (Bison Books, 2010). 5. Similar Articles: †¢ Mary Frances Berry, â€Å"Lincoln and Civil Rights for Blacks,† Volume 2, Issue 1, 1980, pp. 46-57 (Journal of The Abraham Lincoln Association)Read MoreLincoln Memorial Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesHaving only read about the Lincoln memorial, I never had the chance to experience the sensation of being inside such an honorable place of importance. The imposing white marble walls of the memorial and the many people surrounding it could be seen from afar. Arriving at the location, an unknown feeling came over me. I was experiencing history in a whole different level. When I think about a memorial, the term remembrance comes to mind. Seeing the statue of Abraham Lincoln brought pieces of memoriesRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : The President That Held Our Nation Together1017 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln Research Paper Abraham Lincoln. The president that held our nation together. Lincoln’s early life. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a log cabin in Hardin County Kentucky, to his parents Thomas Lincoln, and mother Nancy Lincoln. They moved around and eventually settled in the back-woods of Indiana. They lived in a small cabin in the back-country of Indiana. As said by biography.com, â€Å"where the family squatted on public land to scrap out a living in a crudeRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1191 Words   |  5 PagesDavis March 21, 2015 Abraham Lincoln was one of the greatest presidents in the United States. He started out his career in a humble settings in a one room log cabin to becoming the President. His dedication to learning more where he self taught himself law while working as a shopkeeper and poastmaster. He finally took the bar exam where he passed it which was the first step of many that he took on his way to becoming the President. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in

Orientalism and Cultural Translation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Orientalism and Cultural Translation. Answer: Introduction: From this entry it can be stated that the observable aspects in cultural practice can be identified easily. These include the visible characteristics such as food habits, costumes, music and dance and the religious festivals. Whereas the non observable culture contradicts the other one as it is not visible and expressed in open. These include the mental cognition and thoughts or behavior of an individual (Hassan, 2014). For instance the observable aspect in the Arabian culture is the consumption of Khabees and the non- observable aspect includes intangible greeting between men and women. A metaphor refers one thing as another such as the behavior of an individual varies from one culture to another. If one cultural gesture is acceptable in a country that does not mean it will be acceptable in Saudi Arabia. For instance the use of technology during meal is considered as a sign of disrespect in Arabian countries whereas it is not the same in other countries (Kinloch Metge, 2014). Individual behavior can be identified as my preference to watch television while taking meal. Cultural behavior can be identified as my nature of getting offended when anyone comments on my culture. Universal behavior can be recognized as the annoyance of my parents when I become disobedient. Personal identity refers my confidence and honesty as an individual. Cultural identity refers to my pride in wearing burqa as a part of the religious custom. Social identity refers to the admiration done by my friend for my straight forward nature. Personal identity is the most important as it portrays my original self and my reaction towards society and my culture. I can call myself a proud Emirate as I feel blessed to be a part of its rich history and culture (Kumar, Seay Karabenick, 2015). Culture critic refers to the acceptance of ones own culture even after knowing that there is fault and defect. A cultural critic only thinks from his own view point and is not attentive to others opinion. Cultural learner refers to the individuals who pass on information about culture and belief within the society. A person who has a high trans- cultural intelligence can be a good culture learner. For instance, I as an individual did not go my parents decision of becoming an engineer and chose business management instead. I am a typical cultural critic as I do not prefer others opinions and aim to follow my own way (Moran, Abramson Moran, 2014). The three colors of worldview refer to the understanding of a situation and creating an impression at the first sight. Honor/shame, guilt/ innocence and power/ fear are the factors or colors which need to be observed before taking any decision. For instance, I as an Emirati value time which I have learnt from my family and society. I have also seen my sister not relying on one decision but consulting more than one expert (Mosolkova, Mardanshina Kalganova, 2015). The Spanish people find it extremely casual to leave their own country for extra perks and benefits. According to them, culture and education was not considered as the most important factor as punctuality. They have a fascination for seafood and enjoyed all kinds of festivals. They are not strictly restricted to the indigenous food and want the next generation to adapt to English language. I, as an Emirati found that my idea about family and culture differed from her. Although both of our culture respects punctuality but I love my indigenous food more than any other dishes. We consider education as the most important thing and also pay tribute to our own religious festivals. I am extremely possessive about my own culture, food, language and festivals so I want my children tp learn only the native language. In the second interview the Iraqi said that UK has become his hometown since he had shifted there for better job opportunities. His thinking about culture was aimed towards tradition and religion which gives an undoubted statement that education is important in their culture. Whether it is food or festival, he is attracted towards the Iraqi and British dishes as well as the celebration of both the religion. Although an Iraqi by birth he spoke about the misconception regarding UK but was unable to do so regarding Iraq. Each of his answer in the interview reflected his obsession for his second hometown. My culture was similar to that of Iraqi culture in terms of physical contact among people with which they are comfortable. But irrespective of our culture both of us are obedient and respectful to our rulers and superiors. From the two interview of two different individual who are demarcated by their culture, I observed that they are not passionate about their cultural characteristics like me. I feel myself proud as an Emirati and respect my tradition (Prayag Hosany, 2014). Reference Hassan, W. S. (2014).Immigrant Narratives: Orientalism and Cultural Translation in Arab American and Arab British Literature. Oxford University Press. Kinloch, P., Metge, J. (2014).Talking past each other: problems of cross cultural communication. Victoria University Press. Kumar, R., Seay, N., Karabenick, S. A. (2015). Immigrant Arab adolescents in ethnic enclaves: Physical and phenomenological contexts of identity negotiation.Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology,21(2), 201. Moran, R. T., Abramson, N. R., Moran, S. V. (2014).Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Mosolkova, M. G., Mardanshina, R. M., Kalganova, G. F. (2015). Color palette of Emily Dickinson worldview: Linguistic and Literary approach.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(1 S3), 331. Prayag, G., Hosany, S. (2014). When Middle East meets West: Understanding the motives and perceptions of young tourists from United Arab Emirates.Tourism Management,40, 35-45.

Conan Doyle’S Stories Essay Thesis Example For Students

Conan Doyle’S Stories Essay Thesis Arthur Conan Doyle first started writing detective stories from as early as 1859 in Victorian times. He and many others pioneered a genre of fiction that remains among the most popular today (Edgar Allan Poe, Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, J. S. Le Fanu). His writing continued till The First World War and so reflects the world of the 19th Century rather then this one. From the rise of large cities in the 1800s new city dwellers started to become fascinated by crime and started to romanticize as well as read about crime. The idea of detection and the figure of the detective that would eventually stand at the centre of the genre were introduced in the early 19th century by a Frenchman, Francois-Eugene Vidocq. When Vidocqs memoirs were published in France in 1828, they were immediately popular and translated into English. Interest in England in crime stories blended with a strong, existing genre called the Gothic novel. The Gothic influence is said to account for the dark settings, unfathomable motivations, and preoccupation with brilliant or unexpected solutions in the detective genre. Among English writers, Vidocq most influenced Charles Dickens, who created the first famous detective in English fiction, Inspector Bucket in Bleak House. In the United States, Edgar Allen Poe read Dickens and Vidocq. In five stories written between 1840 and 1845, Poe laid out the basics of the detective story. In The Murders in the Rue Morgue, Poe introduced his eccentric detective, C. Auguste Dupin, whose solutions were chronicled by an amiable narrator. Dupin successfully solved the crime by taking a step further and reading the evidence in a different manner then the police. This clearly shows us the importance of observing any change that may have been overlooked and looking into each piece of evidence as an important factor in the case. In England by contrast, the detective genre underwent a more analytic, stylised development, exemplified in the work of Arthur Conan Doyle. His study in scarlet (1887) introduced the sturdy Watson and the decayed aesthete Sherlock Holmes. Conan Doyle adopted Poes formulae, cut his elaborate introductions, restating them in conversational exchanges between his two chief characters, and emphasised Poes least realistic feature: the deduction of astonishing conclusions from trifling clues.